Rotate Image

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Problem

Given an n x n 2D matrix representing an image, rotate the image in place by 90 degrees clockwise, without allocating another matrix.

Examples

Example 1

Input:matrix = [[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]

Output:[[7,4,1],[8,5,2],[9,6,3]]

Constraints

n == matrix.length == matrix[i].length
1 <= n <= 20

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How to approach it: the Math & Geometry pattern

A grab-bag of problems solved with numeric or coordinate reasoning rather than a specific data structure — matrix manipulation, simulation, and basic number theory.

Look for this pattern when

The problem operates on a 2-D grid or matrix directly (rotate, transpose, traverse in a pattern).
There's no obvious "textbook" data structure — the problem is really about careful step-by-step simulation.

Read the full Math & Geometry guide →

Video walkthroughs

Original problem on LeetCode ↗